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In the recent past, there have been many advances in archaeological techniques and technology. One piece of technology that has not been changed is the screen or sifter. While there are multiple sizes and types of sifters, the basic technology behind it has not changed. The techniques and use of screening, however, have changed. In modern archaeology, there is a divide between academic archaeology and public archaeology (Cultural Resource Management)....
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The internet has become an intricate part of everyday life for almost everyone in the industrialized nations of the world. The world wide application of the internet and the development of social networking media websites has created an environment for the exchange of information that only a couple of decades ago would have been impossible. The ease of access to new information throughout the world has allowed for quick and widespread change affecting...
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The Bristol Bay region of Alaska has had a sustaining salmon fishery for thousands of years. The area is filled with different Alaskan wild animals, the people of the region have this unique culture like no other, and the amount of freshwater in the region is only dreamed of in the Western United States. The proposed Pebble Mine, the largest proposed open pit mine in the world, would be built at the headwaters of the largest salmon fishery in the...
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The town of Dulce is small community located in Northern New Mexico on the Jicarilla Apache reservation. Although the tribal community is considered reasonably economically developed, there are serious problems within the community that have and continue to negatively affect the quality of life for residents. Although the issues are many, and undoubtedly complex and intertwined, one of the most felt is the severe lack of housing options available...
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Environmental refugees are people who have been displaced by environmental degradation, which has been increasing at a rapid rate due to climate change. The land which these people call home can no longer support a healthy lifestyle, due to intense drought, flooding, and extreme storms. Anthropogenic climate change has been caused by the excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane; these gases accumulate in the atmosphere,...
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In comparing the viability of drought tolerant genetically modified crops to drought tolerant heirloom crops, this paper considers plant yield under the stress of drought, and also considers the nutritional benefits, ecological effects, and the possible negative health effects of these food sources. Climate change will seriously affect the Southwest, and farmers are becoming interested in crops that will be able to deal with this stress. Agricultural...
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The "Mozart effect" reported by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993, 1995) indicates that spatial-temporal abilities are enhanced after listening to music composed by Mozart. Seeing the effects that music has on spatial and temporal skills brings up the question, to what extent does music effect variables in humans? The physiological variables taken into account include the following: blood pressure, lactate concentration in the blood, and heart rate....
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A penalty kick in the game of soccer is a unique and impactful event. The goalkeeper attempts to defend the goal in the best way possible using one of two techniques. Goalkeepers dive to their left or right in an effort to save the ball, about 95% of the time (Bar-Eli, Azar, Ritov, Keider-Levin, & Schein, 2007), because that is the norm associated with defending a penalty kick. This is classified as the guessing technique. The other penalty kick save...
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The previously reported P,P'-diphenyl-1,4-diphospha-cyclohexane (dpdpc) ligand has been used to form novel metal complexes with extremely small bite angles for a bidentate phosphine ligand. Currently the only derivative of this ligand reported in the literature contains phenyl substituents at the phosphorus atoms. Herein we report the synthesis of a new derivative of this ligand, P,P'-1,4-diphospha-cyclohexane (dpc) through reaction of bis-(phospido)ethane...
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Progress toward convergent syntheses of the antiviral natural products sattabacin and sattazolin that allow for structural variation is presented. Synthetic strategies for the systematic variation of aromatic substitution have been developed and will be discussed. Building on our previous asymmetric synthesis of (+)-sattabacin, the straightforward preparation of a number of side chain analogs was also completed. Evaluation of the antiviral activity...
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The study aimed to explore the effect of controlled hyperventilation on CO2 exhalation and plasma pH during anaerobic exercise on trained athletes while on the treadmill and rowing ergometer. In simpler terms, the study was designed to see if controlled hyperventilation would help extend bouts of exercise. Fourteen subjects volunteered for the study. All fourteen subjects were tested on the treadmill, whereas only ten subjects were tested on the rowing...
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There are increasing numbers of falls and injuries in the elderly population; one idea on how to reduce these rising numbers is to improve balance. Discovering which aspects are involved in improving balance in the elderly population is key to this. In some studies there are expensive large apparatuses involved in the exercise programs that seek to improve balance, but the goal of this study is to see if it is possible to improve balance test scores...
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Local food security in La Plata County, Colorado is the subject of this research. In general, high levels of food security correlate with high levels of production, transportation, and education. Simply because a nation grows mass quantities of food in a single isolated area does not mean that the entire country is food secure. Every region possesses a unique definition of what food security means to the local population. For La Plata County,...
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The Williams Fork Mountains are a large Laramide-age structure south of Craig, Colorado, that has recently received attention for new economic and geologic interests. Structures, including faults and folds, are predominantly oriented northwest-southeast. Mapping of the top of the Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone underground has been performed in a three dimensional analysis to constrain the complicated structure of the range. Two dimensional cross-sections...
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Deformed cobbles in the Vallecito Conglomerate, a c. 1.7 Ga metaconglomerate found in the Needles Mountains of SW Colorado, show contrasting strain between different lithologies. Two-D finite strain ratios were calculated using the Rf/phi method for three clast populations: quartz/quartzite (including jasper and vein quartz), intermediate metavolcanic, and fine-grained mafic and/or pelitic clasts. Three-D finite strain and orientations of the long...
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This study explored the effect that mortality salience, both death and imminent death, had on life goals. Sixty undergraduates from a small liberal arts college wrote about their feelings associated with either death, imminent death, or dental pain, then completed a survey containing a list of various accomplishments that they rated on a scale of one to ten on how strongly they wanted each item on their list of things to do during their life (i.e.,...
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Terror management theory (TMT) suggests that death is a unique human fear unlike any other pain or distress. After death reminders, people are more inclined to be culturally invested to find meaning in their life as a way to buffer the anxiety stemming from the idea of their own death. Political orientation is affected by TMT such that the default response to death reminder is a conservative shift—an increase in conservatism and associated political...
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Health discrimination, or the process of disadvantaging an individual based on a medical diagnosis and its associated stereotypes, is an increasing global problem. Like most forms of prejudice, this form of discrimination originates through the innate ability to make quick assumptions about other people. However, this process exacerbates stereotypes which hinder individuals' attempts to function independently. Prejudice from health is especially complex...
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This project involves the design and fabrication of a compact, portable incubator for use by Fort Lewis College's chapter of Engineers Without Borders, a humanitarian organization, that performs water quality testing in remote areas of the developing world as part of their water system development projects. The incubator design is initially evaluated using one dimensional heat transfer analysis and subsequently with a three dimensional finite element...
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Fort Lewis College's chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) applies engineering practice and principles to improve the living conditions of individuals in the developing world. Testing water samples for Escherichia coli (E. coli) allows EWB to determine water contamination levels. This is an important part of identifying an adequate source for a water system. E. coli testing is performed by culturing water samples in a constant temperature incubator...